For many years, we thought that all proteins must fold into complicated shapes to fulfill their functions, looking like thousands of sets of custom-tailored locks and keys. But over the past two decades, scientists have begun to realize other proteins—including those involved in many essential cellular functions—remain fully or partially unfolded for parts of their lives.
Out of this realization has come a debate: how such proteins spend their time when floating in the cell. Since they’re not folded into their precise shapes, do they contract into balls, or remain expanded, like a rope? Different methods have yielded different results. Scattering using X-rays suggested they remained expanded, but fluorescent methods observed the opposite behavior. The answer would affect how we envision the movement of a protein through its life—essential for understanding how proteins fold, what goes wrong during disorders and disease and how to model their behavior.
A team of University of Chicago and Notre Dame researchers used simulations and X-rays to tackle the question. The results, published Oct. 13 in Science, conclude that these proteins remain unfolded and expanded as they float loose in the cytoplasm of a cell.
“What we need to determine is how ‘sticky’ they are,” said co-author Prof. Tobin Sosnick, chair of the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, director of the Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences and member of both the Computation Institute and the Institute for Molecular Engineering. “For survival, you want a protein to “stick” only in the right conformation, and with the right other pieces or partners at the right times.” This stickiness is determined by the protein’s chemistry and physics.
Sosnick’s team came up with a way to analyze a single X-ray measurement to determine stickiness, finding that the proteins are generally much less sticky than expected. Their chemistry is set up prefer to interact with water, rather than itself or other proteins.
“The results are very clear, but contradict the current consensus,” Sosnick said. “It’s possible that proteins can avoid unwanted interactions by being expanded.” This reduces the chances of them sticking to other proteins by accident, causing dysfunction or disease.
UChicago graduate student Joshua Riback was the first author on the paper; other UChicago co-authors were Karl Freed, the Henry J. Gale Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Chemistry; graduate students Adam Zmyslowski and James Hinshaw; and postdoctoral fellow John Jumper. The University of Notre Dame team, led by Prof. Patricia Clark, included Micayla Bowman, Catie Knoverek and Emily Kaye. The X-rays measurements were done at the nearby Advanced Photon Source, a powerful synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory.
Citation “Innovative scattering analysis shows that hydrophobic disordered proteins are expanded in water.” Riback et. al, Science, Oct. 13, 2017. DOI: 10.1126/science.aan5774
Funding: National Institutes for Health, National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy for the Advanced Photon Source.
—Prof. Jacqueline Stewart
