Massive terrestrial planets, called “super-Earths,” are known to be common in Earth’s galaxy, the Milky Way. Now a Northwestern University astrophysicist and a University of Chicago geophysicist report the odds of these planets having an Earth-like climate are much greater than previously thought.
Nicolas B. Cowan and Dorian Abbot’s new model challenges the conventional wisdom, which says super-Earths actually would be very unlike Earth—each would be a waterworld, with its surface completely covered in water. They conclude that most tectonically active super-Earths—regardless of mass—store most of their water in the mantle and will have both oceans and exposed continents, enabling a stable climate such as Earth’s.
Cowan is a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern’s Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics, and Abbot is an assistant professor in geophysical sciences at UChicago.
“Are the surfaces of super-Earths totally dry or covered in water?” Cowan said. “We tackled this question by applying known geophysics to astronomy.
“Super-Earths are expected to have deep oceans that will overflow their basins and inundate the entire surface, but we show this logic to be flawed,” he said. “Terrestrial planets have significant amounts of water in their interior. Super-Earths are likely to have shallow oceans to go along with their shallow ocean basins.”
In their model, Cowan and Abbot treated the intriguing exoplanets like Earth, which has quite a bit of water in its mantle, the rocky part that makes up most of the volume and mass of the planet. The rock of the mantle contains tiny amounts of water, which quickly adds up because the mantle is so large. And a deep water cycle moves water between oceans and the mantle. (An exoplanet, or extrasolar planet, is a planet outside Earth’s solar system.)
Cowan presented the findings at a press conference, “Windows on Other Worlds,” held Jan. 7, at the 223rd annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Washington, D.C. He also discussed the research at a scientific session on Jan. 8. The study will appear in the Jan. 20 issue of the Astrophysical Journal.
Water is constantly traded back and forth between the ocean and the rocky mantle because of plate tectonics, Cowan and Abbot report. The division of water between ocean and mantle is controlled by seafloor pressure, which is proportional to gravity.
Accounting for the effects of seafloor pressure and high gravity are two novel factors in their model. As the size of the super-Earths increase, gravity and seafloor pressure also go up.
“We can put 80 times more water on a super-Earth and still have its surface look like Earth,” Cowan said. “These massive planets have enormous seafloor pressure, and this force pushes water into the mantle.”
It doesn’t take that much water to tip a planet into being a waterworld. “If Earth was 1 percent water by mass, we’d all drown, regardless of the deep water cycle,” Cowan said. “The surface would be covered in water. Whether or not you have a deep water cycle really matters for planets that are one one-thousandth or one ten-thousandth water.”
The ability of super-Earths to maintain exposed continents is important for planetary climate. On planets with exposed continents, like Earth, the deep carbon cycle is mediated by surface temperatures, which produce a stabilizing feedback (a thermostat on geological timescales).
“Such a feedback probably can’t exist in a waterworld, which means they should have a much smaller habitable zone,” Abbot said. “By making super-Earths 80 times more likely to have exposed continents, we’ve dramatically improved their odds of having an Earth-like climate.”
Cowan and Abbot accede that there are two major uncertainties in their model: that super-Earths have plate tectonics and the amount of water Earth stores in its mantle.
“These are the two things we would like to know better to improve our model,” Cowan said. “Our model is a shot from the hip, but it’s an important step in advancing how we think about super-Earths.”
The paper is titled “Water cycling between ocean and mantle: super-Earths need not be waterworlds.”
The Alfred P. Sloan Research Foundation supported the research. This news story was adapted with permission from Northwestern University.
—Prof. Jacqueline Stewart
