Robert Fisher and Cal Jordan are among a team of scientists who will expend 22 million computational hours during the next year on one of the world's most powerful supercomputers, simulating an event that takes less than five seconds.
Fisher and Jordan require such resources in their field of extreme science. Their work at the University of Chicago's Center for Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes explores how the laws of nature unfold in natural phenomena at unimaginably extreme temperatures and pressures. The Blue Gene/P supercomputer at Argonne National Laboratory will serve as one of their primary tools for studying exploding stars.
"The Argonne Blue Gene/P supercomputer is one of the largest and fastest supercomputers in the world," said Fisher, a Flash Center Research Scientist. "It has massive computational resources that are not available on smaller platforms elsewhere."Desktop computers typically contain only one or two processors; Blue Gene/P has more than 160,000 processors. What a desktop computer could accomplish in a thousand years, the Blue Gene/P supercomputer can perform in three days. "It's a different scale of computation. It's computation at the cutting edge of science," Fisher said.
Access to Blue Gene/P, housed at the Argonne Advanced Leadership Computing Facility, was made possible by a time allocation from the U.S. Department of Energy's Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment program. The Flash Center was founded in 1997 with a grant from the National Nuclear Security Administration's Office of Advanced Simulation and Computing. The NNSA's Academic Strategic Alliance Program has sustained the Flash Center with funding and computing resources throughout its history.The support stems from the DOE's interest in the physics that take place at extremes of concentrated energy, including exploding stars called supernovas. The Flash Center will devote its computer allocation to studying Type Ia supernovas, in which temperatures reach billions of degrees.
A better understanding of Type Ia supernovas is critical to solving the mystery of dark energy, one of the grandest challenges facing today's cosmologists. Dark energy is somehow causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate.
Cosmologists discovered dark energy by using Type Ia supernovas as cosmic measuring devices. All Type Ia supernovas display approximately the same brightness, so scientists could assess the distance of the exploding stars' home galaxies accordingly. Nevertheless, these supernovas display a variation of approximately 15 percent."To really understand dark energy, you have to nail this variation to about 1 percent," said Jordan, a Flash Center Research Associate.
The density of white dwarf stars, from which Type Ia supernovas evolve, is equally extreme. When stars the size of the sun reach the ends of their lives, they have shed most of their mass and leave behind an inert core about the size of the moon. "If one were able to scoop out a cubic centimeter-roughly a teaspoon-of material from that white dwarf, it would weigh a thousand metric tons," Fisher explained. "These are incredibly dense objects."
Type Ia supernovas are believed to only occur in binary star systems, those in which two stars orbit one another. When a binary white dwarf has gravitationally pulled enough matter off its companion star, an explosion ensues."This takes place over hundreds of millions of years," Jordan said. "As the white dwarf becomes more and more dense with matter compressing on top of it, an ignition takes place in its core. This ignition burns through the star and eventually leads to a huge explosion."
The Flash team conducts whole-star simulations on a supercomputer at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. At Argonne, the team will perform a related set of simulations. "You can think of them as a nuclear 'flame in a box' in a small chunk of the full white dwarf," Fisher said.
In the simulations at Argonne, the team will analyze how burning occurs in four possible scenarios that lead to Type Ia supernovas. Burning in a white dwarf can occur as a deflagration or as a detonation.
"Imagine a pool of gasoline and throw a match on it. That kind of burning across the pool of gasoline is a deflagration," Jordan said. "A detonation is simply if you were to light a stick of dynamite and allow it to explode."
In the Flash Center scenario, deflagration starts off-center of the star's core. The burning creates a hot bubble of less dense ash that pops out the side due to buoyancy, like a piece of Styrofoam submerged in water. But gravity holds the ash close to the surface of the white dwarf. "This fast-moving ash stays confined to the surface, flows around the white dwarf and collides on the opposite side of breakout," Jordan said.The collision triggers a detonation that incinerates the star. There are, however, three other scenarios to consider. "To understand how the simulations relate to the actual supernovae, we have to do more than a thousand different simulations this year to vary the parameters within the models to see how the parameters affect the supernovae," Jordan said.
Related Videos
Video 1: This animation shows a thermonuclear flame burning its way through a white dwarf star. The flame produces hot ash, which buoyantly rises as the flame burns. The ash breaks out of but remains gravitationally bound to the surface of the star and collides at a point on the opposite side of the star from the breakout location. The collision region is compressed and heated from the converging ash flows and when the conditions there become extreme enough a detonation is triggered. In the animation, green represents the approximate surface of the star and the colors mark regions of high temperature in the billions of degrees Kelvin. As the ash rises and breaks out of the star, it decompresses and cools; however, the as the ash flows over the surface the animation shows the collision region attaining very high temperatures.
Video 2: This animation shows a thermonuclear flame burning its way through a white dwarf star. The flame produces hot ash, which buoyantly rises as the flame burns. The ash breaks out of but remains gravitationally bound to the surface of the star and collides at a point on the opposite side of the star from the breakout location. The blue shows the approximate surface of the star and the orange shows the interface between the star and the hot ash produced by the flame.
Credit: DOE NNSA ASC/Alliance Flash Center at the University of Chicago.
—Prof. Kunle Odunsi
